In Silico Analysis, Structure Modeling and Phosphorylation Site Prediction of Vitellogenin Protein from Gibelion Catla
Introduction Vitellogenin (VTG or less popularly known as VG) is a precursor protein of egg yolk normally in the blood or hemolymph only of females that is used as a biomarker in vertebrates of exposure to environmental estrogens which stimulate elevated levels in males as well as females [1]. “Vitellogenin” is a synonymous term for the gene and the expressed protein. The protein product is classified as a glycolipoprotein, having properties of a sugar, fat and protein. It expressed in the females of nearly all oviparous species including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, most invertebrates and monotremes [2]. Vitellogenin is the precursor of the lipoproteins and phosphoproteins that make up most of the protein content of yolk. In the presence of estrogenic endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs), male fish can express the Vg gene in a dose dependent manner. Vg gene expression in male fish can be used as a molecular marker of exposure to estrogenic EDCs. Vitellogenin precursors are multi-domain Apo lipoproteins (proteins that bind to lipids to form lipoproteins), that are cleaved into distinct yolk proteins.At the N-terminal, it contains a sequence of about 670 amino acids (LV1n chain), which (MTP) and apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB). It is usually synthesized by the extra ovarian tissues of female animals, secreted into bloodstream and transported to ovary, where it is internalized by growing oocytes and proteolytically cleaved to form yolk proteins that are later used as the nutrients by developing embryos and larvae [38] However, Vg appears to have evolved pleiotropic functions in the advanced eusocial honeybee. It has been shown that honeybee
Vg is associated with quite a few biological processes including social organization, temporal division of labor and foraging specialization, regulation of hormonal dynamics and change in gustatory responsiveness [9-12]. Besides, honeybee Vg has been shown to be capable of reducing oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, thereby prolonging lifespan in the facultatively sterile worker castes and reproductive queen castes [13].Another novel function of Vg is linked with immune defense [14]. For example, Vg has recently been demonstrated to possess both hemagglutinating and antibacterial activities in the protochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) as well as the bony fish rosy barb (Puntius conchonius) [15,16]. SWISS-MODEL is a structural bioinformatics web-server dedicated to homology modeling of protein 3D structures. Homology modeling is currently the most accurate method to generate reliable 3-dimensional protein structure models and is routinely used in many practical applications. Homology (or comparative) modeling methods make use of experimental protein structures (“templates”) to build models for evolutionary related proteins (“targets”) [6]. The computed primary structure helps in quantitative study of protein-protein and protein-ligands interaction in solution. The aim to predict the secondary structure of protein based only on knowledge of their amino acid sequence. The secondary structure prediction displayed the alpha helix (H), beta strand (S), coil(C) and confidence score of prediction (0=low and 9=high for each residue). Structural class of protein can also be analyzed based on distribution of secondary structures elements. Long region of coil
Volume 3 Issue 1 - 2017 Volume 3 Issue 1 - 2017:Rumpi Ghosh,A.D.Upadhyay and A.K.Roy. Bioinformatics Center, College of Fisheries, India *Corresponding author: AK Roy, Bioinformatics Center, College of Fisheries,CAU (I) Lembucherra, Tripura, India, Email: Received: January 27, 2017 | Published: April 21, 2017
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